For women who are planning to conceive or already expecting, understanding the risk of birth defects is crucial. While not all birth defects can be prevented, proper prenatal care, lifestyle choices, and medical advancements can help reduce risks and improve outcomes for the baby.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 6% of babies worldwide are born with birth defects, which can affect their structure or function while developing in the womb. Common examples include cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and diaphragmatic hernias.

Why Do Birth Defects Happen?

Doctors say birth defects can occur for many reasons, including:

Nutritional Deficiencies – Folic acid deficiency increases the risk of neural tube defects.
Maternal Health Conditions – Diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure can impact fetal development.
Harmful Substance Exposure – Alcohol, recreational drugs, and certain medications can cause complications.
Infections During Pregnancy – Diseases like rubella (German measles) in the first trimester can be harmful.
Genetic Factors – Some birth defects are inherited, and consanguineous marriages (within close relatives) may increase risks.

Dr. Manju Khemani, Principal Director of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Max Smart Super Speciality Hospital, explains:
"Some birth defects are genetic, while others are caused by environmental factors or infections during pregnancy."

What Can Women Do to Prevent Birth Defects?

Pre-pregnancy Counseling – Consult a doctor before conceiving to assess any risks.
Folic Acid Supplementation – Take 400 micrograms (mcg) daily at least one month before pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
Maintain a Healthy Weight – Obesity is linked to a higher risk of birth defects.
Control Medical Conditions – If you have epilepsy, consult a neurologist to switch to pregnancy-safe medications.
Avoid Harmful Substances – Stop alcohol, smoking, and recreational drugs while trying to conceive.
Be Cautious with Medications – Avoid self-medication and consult your doctor before taking any drugs.
Avoid Anti-Acne Drugs – Stop using certain acne medications (like isotretinoin) at least six months before pregnancy.
Regular Prenatal Checkups – Routine ultrasounds and tests help detect defects early.

Dr. Khemani advises: "Women with seizure disorders need higher doses of folic acid and should consult a specialist to switch to safer medications."

If One Child Has a Birth Defect, Will Future Babies Be Affected?

Not necessarily. The risk depends on the cause of the defect.
If the defect was caused by a genetic mutation, there may be a higher likelihood of recurrence.
Genetic testing before pregnancy can help assess future risks.
Maternal-fetal medicine specialists and genetic counselors can guide parents in understanding their risks.

While birth defects cannot always be prevented, taking proactive steps like pre-pregnancy counseling, proper nutrition, and avoiding harmful substances can significantly reduce risks. Regular medical checkups and genetic screening can also help parents make informed decisions about their baby's health.

If you're planning to conceive, consult a specialist to ensure the best possible start for your baby!