Desk
Share
Thyroid hormones are essential for regulating the body's metabolism, but in infants, they play a critical role in brain development. The thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped organ located at the front of the neck, produces hormones that influence various biological functions, including neuron proliferation, differentiation, and synaptogenesis.
According to Dr. B. Sahithi Priya, Consultant Endocrine and Breast Surgeon at Ruby Hall Clinic, thyroid hormones provide key signals for the differentiation and maturation of brain cells—a process that continues for up to two years after birth.
How Thyroid Hormones Impact Brain Development
Thyroid hormones bind to specific receptors in the brain, helping regulate crucial functions such as:
- Cognitive abilities
- Vision development
- Hearing function
This highlights the importance of adequate thyroid hormone levels during fetal development and early infancy to ensure proper neurological and cognitive growth.
What Happens Due to Thyroid Hormone Deficiency?
A deficiency in thyroid hormones, especially during fetal development, can have serious consequences.
Dr. Priya warns that thyroid hormone deficiency in utero can result in:
- Mental retardation
- Neurological impairments
- Hearing and vision problems
Additionally, women are five to eight times more likely than men to develop thyroid-related disorders, which include:
- Hypothyroidism – A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones
- Hashimoto's disease – An autoimmune disorder leading to hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism – Overactive thyroid hormone production
- Graves' disease – An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism
- Thyroiditis – Inflammation of the thyroid gland
The Impact of Hypothyroidism on Pregnancy
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to cretinism, a severe condition in infants that causes:
- Mental retardation with reduced IQ
- Deaf-mutism (hearing loss and inability to speak)
- Squint (crossed eyes)
- Growth retardation
To prevent such complications, regular thyroid hormone analysis is crucial for pregnant women. Dr. Priya recommends monthly thyroid profile tests for women diagnosed with gestational hypothyroidism, with medication dosages adjusted as needed.
When Should an Expectant Mother See a Doctor?
Thyroid hormone imbalances often cause noticeable symptoms. Since these hormones regulate metabolism, an excess or deficiency can speed up or slow down bodily functions.
Symptoms of thyroid imbalances include:
Unexplained weight gain or weight loss
Abnormal heart rate (too fast or too slow)
Intolerance to cold or heat
Dry or excessively moist skin
If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a doctor for a thyroid function test. Early detection and treatment can prevent complications and ensure both maternal and infant health.
